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Éamon de Valera〔His name is frequently misspelled ''Eamonn De Valera'' but he never used the second "n" in his first name (the standard Irish spelling) and always a small "d" in "de Valera", which is proper in Spanish names (''de'' meaning "of").〕〔"Éamon(n)" translates into English as Edmond or Edmund. The correct Irish translation of "Edward" (his name as given in his amended birth certificate) is Éadhbhard.〕 (; born George de Valero; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in twentieth century Ireland. His political career spanned over half a century, from 1917 to 1973; he served multiple terms as head of government and head of state. He also led the introduction of the Constitution of Ireland.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mr. Éamon de Valera )〕〔 De Valera was a leader in the War of Independence and of the anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War (1922–1923). After leaving Sinn Féin in 1926 due to its policy of abstentionism, he founded Fianna Fáil, and was head of government (President of the Executive Council, later Taoiseach) from 1932 to 1948, 1951 to 1954, and 1957 to 1959, when he resigned after being elected as President of Ireland. His political creed evolved from militant republicanism to social and cultural conservatism.〔Ferriter, ''Judging Dev: A Reassessment of the Life and Legacy of Eamon De Valera''. (2007)〕 Assessments of de Valera's career have varied; he has often been characterised as a stern, unbending, devious, and divisive Irish politician. Biographer Tim Pat Coogan sees his time in power as being characterised by economic and cultural stagnation, while Diarmaid Ferriter argues that the stereotype of de Valera as an austere, cold and even backward figure was largely manufactured in the 1960s and is misguided.〔Ferriter, ''Judging Dev: a reassessment of the life and legacy of Eamon de Valera'' (2007)〕 ==Early life== De Valera was born in New York City in 1882 to an Irish mother; his parents, Catherine Coll (an immigrant from Bruree, County Limerick) and Juan Vivion de Valera, were reportedly married on 18 September 1881 at St. Patrick's Church in Jersey City, New Jersey. However, archivists have not located any such marriage certificate or any birth, baptismal, or death certificate information for anyone called Juan Vivion de Valera (nor for 'de Valeros', an alternative spelling). On de Valera's original birth certificate, his name is given as George de Valero and his father is listed as Vivion de Valero. The first name was changed in 1910 to Edward and the surname corrected to de Valera.〔(Notable New Yorkers – Eamon de Valéra )〕 According to Coll, Juan Vivion died in 1885 leaving Coll and her child in poor circumstances.〔Proinsias Mac Aonghusa ''Quotations from Éamon de Valera'' (1983 ), p.89 ISBN 0-85342-684-8.〕 Éamon was taken to Ireland by his uncle Ned at the age of two. Even when his mother married a new husband in the mid-1880s, he was not brought back to live with her, but was reared instead by his grandmother, Elizabeth Coll, her son Patrick and her daughter Hannie, in County Limerick. He was educated locally at Bruree National School, County Limerick and C.B.S. Charleville, County Cork. Aged sixteen, he won a scholarship. He was not successful in enrolling at two colleges in Limerick, but was accepted at Blackrock College, Dublin at the instigation of his local curate.〔Jordan, Anthony J. ''Eamon de Valera 1882–1975. Irish; Catholic; Visionary'' (Westport Books, 2010), pp. 19–20.〕 He played rugby there, and later, during his tenure at Rockwell College, he joined the school's rugby team where he played fullback on the first team, which reached the final of the Munster Senior Cup. De Valera went on to play for the Munster rugby team around 1905 in the fullback position and remained a lifelong devotee of rugby, attending numerous international matches up to and towards the end of his life despite near blindness. He told the British Ambassador in 1967, "For my part I have always preferred rugby."〔Jordan, p. 279.〕 Always a diligent student, at the end of his first year in Blackrock College he was Student of the Year. He also won further scholarships and exhibitions and in 1903 was appointed teacher of mathematics at Rockwell College, County Tipperary.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Éamon de Valera (1882–1975) )〕 It was here that de Valera was first given the nickname "Dev" by a teaching colleague, Tom O'Donnell. In 1904, he graduated in mathematics from the Royal University of Ireland. He then studied for a year at Trinity College Dublin but, owing to the necessity of earning a living, did not proceed further and returned to teaching, this time at Belvedere College.〔Farragher (1984), pp 87-90〕 In 1906, he secured a post as teacher of mathematics at Carysfort Teachers' Training College for women in Blackrock, County Dublin. His applications for professorships in colleges of the National University of Ireland were unsuccessful, but he obtained a part-time appointment at Maynooth and also taught mathematics at various Dublin schools, including Castleknock College (1910–1911; under the name Edward de Valera) and Belvedere College.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Éamon de Valera )〕 There were occasions when de Valera seriously contemplated the religious life like his half-brother, Fr Thomas Wheelwright, but ultimately he did not pursue this vocation. As late as 1906, when he was 24 years old, he approached the President of Clonliffe Seminary in Dublin for advice on his vocation.〔Jordan, p. 23.〕 De Valera was throughout his life portrayed as a deeply religious man, who in death asked to be buried in a religious habit. His biographer, Tim Pat Coogan, speculated that questions surrounding de Valera's legitimacy may have been a deciding factor in his not entering religious life, however being illegitimate would have been a bar to receiving orders only as a secular or diocesan cleric, not as a member of a religious order. As a young ''Gaeilgeoir'' (Irish speaker), de Valera became an activist for the language. In 1908 he joined the Árdchraobh of Conradh na Gaeilge (the Gaelic League), where he met Sinéad Flanagan, a teacher by profession and four years his senior. They were married on 8 January 1910 at St Paul's Church, Arran Quay, Dublin. De Valera's children were five sons, Vivion (1910–82), Éamon (1913–XX), Brian (1915–36), Rúaidhrí (1916–78), and Terence (Terry) (1922–2007); and two daughters: Máirín (1912–84) and Emer (1918–2012). Brian de Valera predeceased his parents. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Éamon de Valera」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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